Trade Patterns, FDI, and Industrial Restructuring of Central
    and Eastern Europe. Paolo Guerrieri. Working Paper 124. July 1998. ©Copyright
    1998, by BRIE  
    APPENDIX and TABLES   
       
    
      
        APPENDIX 1 : SIE-World Trade
        Data Base  
       
     
    The foreign trade statistics used in this paper stem from the SIE-World
    Trade data base, which provides detailed information on export and import of 83
    countries with respect to 450 product groups, 98 sectors, 25 broad commodity groups and 5
    main product categories. The data base includes trade statistics with respect to the 26
    OECD countries, the newly industrializing countries (NICs), the other developing countries
    and the former CMEA countries, and makes it possible to examine and analyze the entire
    world trade matrix. The source for the basic trade statistics of the SIE-World Trade
    is the tapes of OECD and UN.  
    The SIE data-base is organized in different product group
    classifications at various levels of disaggregation (450 product groups, 98 sectors, 25
    categories, 5 branches) according to the three Standard International Trade
    Classifications (SITC), Revised, Revision 2, Revision 3, defined by the Statistical
    Office of the UN (1961, 1975, 1985 as to the periods 1961-75, 1978-87, 1988 on).  
    The broad product groups classification used in this paper is based on
    the 450 product groups of the SIE-World Trade. A summary list of the product groups
    included in each class of products is below provided:  
    1) Food items and Agricultural raw materials (41 product
    groups): FoodLive animalsAnimal oil and fatsNatural
    rubberVegetable and animal textile fibersCork and WoodSkins.  
    2) Fuels (4 product groups): CoalPetroleum oil
    Gas.  
    3) Other raw materials (17 product groups): Iron
    oreOres of base metalsOther crude minerals.  
    4) Food industry (36 product groups): Meat and meat
    preparationsDairy productsVegetables and fruit preparationsCereal
    preparationsSugar preparationsOther edible products.  
    5) Science Based (59 product groups): Synthetic organic
    dyestuffsRadio-active and associated materialsPolymerization and
    co-polymerization productsAntibiotics and other pharmaceutical productsNuclear
    reactorsAutomatic data processing machines & UnitsTelecommunications
    equipmentSemiconductor devicesElectronic microcircuitsElectronic
    measuring instrumentsElectric power machinery and apparatusInternal combustion
    piston enginesAircraft & associated equipmentMedical
    instrumentsOptical instruments¾ Photographic apparatus
    and equipment.  
    6) Scale Intensive ( 88 product groups): Organic
    chemicalsInorganic chemical productsOther chemical materials and
    productsMedicinal and pharmaceutical productsRubber manufactures Iron
    and steelTelevision, radio, other image-sound recorder and
    reproducersHousehold type electrical equipmentShips and boatsRailway
    vehicles & equipmentRoad vehicles.  
    7) Specialized Suppliers (43 product groups) :
    Agricultural machineryMachine tools for working metalsMetal working
    machineryOther machine tools for specialized particular industriesConstruction
    and mining machineryTextile and leather machineryPaper and paperboard
    machineryOther machinery for specialized particular industriesOther general
    industrial machinery & equipmentElectrical equipment and
    componentsMeasuring, checking, analyzing instrumentsOptical goodsOther
    miscellaneous products  
    8) Resource Intensive (18): Paper and paperboardPetroleum
    productsNon metallic mineral manufacturesNon-ferrous metal products  
    9) Traditionals or Supplier dominated (76 product
    groups): Textile productsArticles of apparel and clothing accessoriesLeather
    manufacturesFootwearWood manufacturesFurniturePaper and printed
    productsArticle of ceramic materialsGlass productsMiscellaneous
    manufactures of metal (structures, tools, cutlery and other articles)Jewellery,
    goldsmithsImitation jewelleryMusical instrumentsSporting goodsToys
    & gamesOther miscellaneous products  
    10) Residuals : Other product groups n.e.s.  
    BACK TO MAIN TEXT  
     
    Tables  
    
      
        | TABLE 1 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade (1) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95 | 
        80-89 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        0.73 | 
        0.62 | 
        0.61 | 
        0.59 | 
        0.74 | 
        0.76 | 
        0.86 | 
        0.26 | 
        -0.13 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.17 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.21 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.02 | 
        0.01 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.33 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.25 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.32 | 
        0.31 | 
        0.34 | 
        0.10 | 
        -0.09 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.22 | 
        0.21 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.21 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.32 | 
        0.15 | 
        -0.05 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.22 | 
        0.24 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.05 | 
        0.08 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.31 | 
        0.28 | 
        0.30 | 
        0.21 | 
        0.13 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.18 | 
        -0.02 | 
        -0.10 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        1.48 | 
        1.68 | 
        1.08 | 
        0.98 | 
        1.00 | 
        1.04 | 
        1.11 | 
        0.13 | 
        -0.49 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.89 | 
        0.94 | 
        0.94 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        3.80 | 
        5.30 | 
        6.52 | 
        7.96 | 
        8.17 | 
        10.23 | 
        10.83 | 
        2.87 | 
        4.16 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        1.05 | 
        1.32 | 
        1.16 | 
        1.54 | 
        1.70 | 
        1.98 | 
        2.40 | 
        0.85 | 
        0.50 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        0.95 | 
        1.48 | 
        1.79 | 
        2.15 | 
        2.08 | 
        2.17 | 
        2.53 | 
        0.38 | 
        1.21 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        1.30 | 
        1.73 | 
        2.22 | 
        2.41 | 
        2.46 | 
        2.70 | 
        2.53 | 
        0.21 | 
        1.11 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        1.07 | 
        1.33 | 
        1.83 | 
        2.53 | 
        2.85 | 
        3.62 | 
        3.52 | 
        1.00 | 
        1.46 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (1) The sum of the nine product groups reported
        below | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
       
    
      
        | TABLE 2 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade*A62 | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural Products | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        0.77 | 
        0.72 | 
        0.73 | 
        0.93 | 
        1.09 | 
        0.85 | 
        0.73 | 
        -0.19 | 
        0.15 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.24 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.30 | 
        0.35 | 
        0.39 | 
        0.29 | 
        0.27 | 
        -0.08 | 
        0.11 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.34 | 
        0.30 | 
        0.42 | 
        0.48 | 
        0.56 | 
        0.33 | 
        0.30 | 
        -0.18 | 
        0.14 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.19 | 
        0.14 | 
        0.13 | 
        0.10 | 
        0.14 | 
        0.22 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.07 | 
        -0.10 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.18 | 
        0.14 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.04 | 
        0.02 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.25 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.14 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.06 | 
        -0.10 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        1.37 | 
        1.10 | 
        1.10 | 
        1.33 | 
        1.27 | 
        2.09 | 
        2.75 | 
        1.42 | 
        -0.04 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        1.65 | 
        1.97 | 
        1.97 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        3.13 | 
        3.50 | 
        4.11 | 
        4.07 | 
        3.72 | 
        3.92 | 
        3.61 | 
        -0.46 | 
        0.94 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        1.63 | 
        1.46 | 
        1.22 | 
        1.17 | 
        1.02 | 
        0.93 | 
        1.01 | 
        -0.16 | 
        -0.46 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        0.65 | 
        0.80 | 
        0.98 | 
        1.07 | 
        0.97 | 
        0.81 | 
        0.78 | 
        -0.29 | 
        0.41 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        0.74 | 
        1.05 | 
        1.42 | 
        1.31 | 
        1.53 | 
        1.71 | 
        1.38 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.57 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        0.47 | 
        0.64 | 
        0.91 | 
        1.12 | 
        1.03 | 
        1.00 | 
        0.93 | 
        -0.19 | 
        0.65 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
       
    
      
        | TABLE 3 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        0.40 | 
        0.43 | 
        0.37 | 
        0.52 | 
        0.47 | 
        0.48 | 
        0.27 | 
        -0.24 | 
        0.12 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.01 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.02 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.00 | 
        -0.01 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.33 | 
        0.36 | 
        0.57 | 
        0.44 | 
        0.39 | 
        0.39 | 
        0.22 | 
        -0.23 | 
        0.11 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.06 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.10 | 
        0.07 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.06 | 
        -0.01 | 
        0.01 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.08 | 
        0.06 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.00 | 
        0.00 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.02 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.02 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.02 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.00 | 
        -0.01 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        3.61 | 
        5.03 | 
        5.44 | 
        5.51 | 
        4.49 | 
        3.95 | 
        3.92 | 
        -1.59 | 
        1.90 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        3.84 | 
        3.88 | 
        3.88 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        0.02 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.04 | 
        0.04 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.07 | 
        0.10 | 
        0.07 | 
        0.02 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        0.02 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.04 | 
        0.03 | 
        0.04 | 
        0.05 | 
        0.07 | 
        0.04 | 
        0.01 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        0.00 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.02 | 
        0.02 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        1.18 | 
        1.17 | 
        1.20 | 
        0.92 | 
        1.06 | 
        0.95 | 
        0.92 | 
        -0.04 | 
        -0.26 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        0.00 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.01 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | TABLE 4 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Raw Materials | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        0.92 | 
        1.45 | 
        1.47 | 
        1.08 | 
        1.13 | 
        1.05 | 
        0.74 | 
        -0.34 | 
        0.15 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.15 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.04 | 
        -0.10 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.62 | 
        1.07 | 
        0.95 | 
        0.69 | 
        0.78 | 
        0.66 | 
        0.45 | 
        -0.24 | 
        0.08 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.16 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.34 | 
        0.23 | 
        -0.01 | 
        0.08 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.25 | 
        0.16 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.09 | 
        0.07 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.18 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.21 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.04 | 
        0.02 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        0.75 | 
        0.78 | 
        0.66 | 
        0.80 | 
        1.08 | 
        1.43 | 
        1.27 | 
        0.47 | 
        0.05 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        1.10 | 
        1.02 | 
        1.02 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        1.05 | 
        1.58 | 
        1.05 | 
        1.24 | 
        0.87 | 
        1.51 | 
        1.21 | 
        -0.03 | 
        0.19 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        0.35 | 
        0.67 | 
        0.31 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.52 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.06 | 
        -0.15 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        0.24 | 
        0.22 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.37 | 
        0.33 | 
        0.37 | 
        0.21 | 
        -0.16 | 
        0.13 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        0.31 | 
        0.47 | 
        0.35 | 
        0.31 | 
        0.38 | 
        0.43 | 
        0.35 | 
        0.11 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        0.41 | 
        0.59 | 
        0.34 | 
        0.52 | 
        0.25 | 
        0.35 | 
        0.54 | 
        0.02 | 
        0.11 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
       
    
      
        | TABLE 5 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Food Industries | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        1.18 | 
        1.04 | 
        0.92 | 
        1.33 | 
        1.34 | 
        0.94 | 
        0.76 | 
        -0.57 | 
        0.14 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.49 | 
        0.47 | 
        0.50 | 
        0.59 | 
        0.57 | 
        0.38 | 
        0.29 | 
        -0.30 | 
        0.10 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.55 | 
        0.40 | 
        0.50 | 
        0.51 | 
        0.57 | 
        0.40 | 
        0.35 | 
        -0.17 | 
        -0.04 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.14 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.22 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.13 | 
        -0.09 | 
        0.09 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.14 | 
        0.11 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.02 | 
        0.02 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.31 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.23 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.13 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.14 | 
        -0.05 | 
        -0.12 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        0.18 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.21 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.16 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        2.58 | 
        2.65 | 
        3.24 | 
        3.88 | 
        4.26 | 
        4.54 | 
        4.37 | 
        0.49 | 
        1.31 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        1.00 | 
        0.85 | 
        0.88 | 
        1.14 | 
        1.19 | 
        1.32 | 
        1.24 | 
        0.09 | 
        0.14 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        0.46 | 
        0.39 | 
        0.47 | 
        0.54 | 
        0.43 | 
        0.48 | 
        0.53 | 
        -0.01 | 
        0.07 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        1.31 | 
        1.25 | 
        1.26 | 
        1.21 | 
        1.27 | 
        1.19 | 
        1.08 | 
        -0.09 | 
        -0.10 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        0.29 | 
        0.59 | 
        0.75 | 
        1.18 | 
        1.56 | 
        1.61 | 
        1.59 | 
        0.41 | 
        0.89 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
       
    
      
        | TABLE 6 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Traditional industries | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        1.16 | 
        0.94 | 
        0.96 | 
        0.81 | 
        1.21 | 
        1.43 | 
        1.62 | 
        0.81 | 
        -0.36 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.31 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.25 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.33 | 
        0.32 | 
        0.29 | 
        0.05 | 
        -0.08 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.41 | 
        0.25 | 
        0.29 | 
        0.29 | 
        0.50 | 
        0.58 | 
        0.72 | 
        0.44 | 
        -0.12 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.44 | 
        0.41 | 
        0.36 | 
        0.28 | 
        0.38 | 
        0.52 | 
        0.61 | 
        0.33 | 
        -0.15 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.41 | 
        0.46 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.11 | 
        0.15 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.50 | 
        0.49 | 
        0.53 | 
        0.33 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.35 | 
        0.44 | 
        0.10 | 
        -0.16 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        0.63 | 
        0.46 | 
        0.48 | 
        0.41 | 
        0.36 | 
        0.34 | 
        0.43 | 
        0.03 | 
        -0.22 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.28 | 
        0.31 | 
        0.31 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        10.84 | 
        14.42 | 
        16.21 | 
        17.08 | 
        16.46 | 
        17.91 | 
        16.24 | 
        -0.83 | 
        6.24 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        0.78 | 
        0.94 | 
        0.75 | 
        0.94 | 
        0.97 | 
        0.91 | 
        0.94 | 
        0.00 | 
        0.17 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        3.26 | 
        4.33 | 
        4.60 | 
        4.87 | 
        4.12 | 
        3.54 | 
        3.17 | 
        -1.71 | 
        1.62 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        3.70 | 
        5.39 | 
        6.18 | 
        5.66 | 
        5.37 | 
        5.01 | 
        4.17 | 
        -1.02 | 
        1.95 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        4.10 | 
        4.87 | 
        5.89 | 
        7.06 | 
        7.97 | 
        9.00 | 
        8.34 | 
        1.29 | 
        2.96 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 7 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive industries | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        0.93 | 
        0.69 | 
        0.68 | 
        0.83 | 
        0.97 | 
        0.92 | 
        1.12 | 
        0.29 | 
        -0.10 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.16 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.29 | 
        0.25 | 
        0.25 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.18 | 
        -0.06 | 
        0.08 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.49 | 
        0.23 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.33 | 
        0.51 | 
        0.45 | 
        0.61 | 
        0.28 | 
        -0.16 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.27 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.25 | 
        0.21 | 
        0.28 | 
        0.33 | 
        0.08 | 
        -0.02 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.21 | 
        0.23 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.07 | 
        0.10 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        1.13 | 
        1.00 | 
        1.06 | 
        0.71 | 
        0.21 | 
        0.23 | 
        0.33 | 
        -0.39 | 
        -0.42 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        4.27 | 
        5.76 | 
        3.95 | 
        3.69 | 
        4.15 | 
        3.79 | 
        4.69 | 
        1.00 | 
        -0.58 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        3.39 | 
        4.33 | 
        4.33 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        3.62 | 
        4.74 | 
        4.57 | 
        5.28 | 
        6.49 | 
        7.86 | 
        7.68 | 
        2.41 | 
        1.66 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        3.22 | 
        3.94 | 
        3.32 | 
        3.60 | 
        4.48 | 
        4.37 | 
        3.39 | 
        -0.22 | 
        0.38 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        0.16 | 
        0.51 | 
        0.70 | 
        0.72 | 
        0.93 | 
        1.18 | 
        1.35 | 
        0.62 | 
        0.56 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        0.36 | 
        0.32 | 
        0.39 | 
        0.61 | 
        0.69 | 
        0.95 | 
        1.17 | 
        0.43 | 
        0.25 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        0.18 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.38 | 
        0.72 | 
        0.89 | 
        1.44 | 
        1.82 | 
        1.10 | 
        0.54 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 8 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive industries | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        0.76 | 
        0.61 | 
        0.63 | 
        0.53 | 
        0.69 | 
        0.80 | 
        0.95 | 
        0.41 | 
        -0.23 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.19 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.14 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.03 | 
        -0.04 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.30 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.31 | 
        0.36 | 
        0.17 | 
        -0.11 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.27 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.22 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.33 | 
        0.4 | 
        0.21 | 
        -0.08 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.27 | 
        0.28 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.06 | 
        0.12 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.29 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.22 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.21 | 
        -0.01 | 
        -0.07 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        0.48 | 
        0.48 | 
        0.43 | 
        0.44 | 
        0.62 | 
        1.07 | 
        1.21 | 
        0.76 | 
        -0.04 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.82 | 
        0.91 | 
        0.91 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        3.43 | 
        4.95 | 
        4.99 | 
        6.39 | 
        6.62 | 
        8.57 | 
        8.65 | 
        2.26 | 
        2.96 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        0.69 | 
        0.82 | 
        0.66 | 
        1.10 | 
        1.22 | 
        1.46 | 
        1.54 | 
        0.44 | 
        0.41 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        1.33 | 
        2.43 | 
        2.22 | 
        2.61 | 
        2.65 | 
        3.04 | 
        3.24 | 
        0.63 | 
        1.28 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        0.89 | 
        1.13 | 
        1.35 | 
        1.54 | 
        1.46 | 
        1.49 | 
        1.40 | 
        -0.13 | 
        0.66 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        0.75 | 
        0.82 | 
        0.94 | 
        1.42 | 
        1.76 | 
        2.64 | 
        2.50 | 
        1.08 | 
        0.67 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 9 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers industries | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        0.64 | 
        0.50 | 
        0.53 | 
        0.43 | 
        0.56 | 
        0.64 | 
        0.86 | 
        0.42 | 
        -0.21 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.13 | 
        0.12 | 
        0.12 | 
        0.13 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.23 | 
        0.10 | 
        -0.01 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.24 | 
        0.13 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.15 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.09 | 
        -0.09 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.27 | 
        0.24 | 
        0.19 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.27 | 
        0.39 | 
        0.23 | 
        -0.11 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.24 | 
        0.33 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.03 | 
        0.06 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.15 | 
        0.12 | 
        0.10 | 
        0.07 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.11 | 
        0.03 | 
        -0.08 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        0.19 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.14 | 
        0.16 | 
        0.20 | 
        0.11 | 
        -0.02 | 
        -0.06 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.18 | 
        0.09 | 
        0.09 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        1.82 | 
        3.12 | 
        3.42 | 
        4.88 | 
        4.76 | 
        8.50 | 
        8.82 | 
        3.94 | 
        3.06 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        0.70 | 
        1.07 | 
        0.76 | 
        1.24 | 
        1.27 | 
        1.45 | 
        1.84 | 
        0.60 | 
        0.54 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        0.28 | 
        0.51 | 
        0.53 | 
        0.87 | 
        0.91 | 
        1.43 | 
        2.41 | 
        1.54 | 
        0.59 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        0.73 | 
        1.32 | 
        1.61 | 
        2.14 | 
        2.25 | 
        3.23 | 
        2.56 | 
        0.78 | 
        1.41 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        0.39 | 
        0.59 | 
        0.84 | 
        1.41 | 
        1.43 | 
        2.44 | 
        2.03 | 
        0.62 | 
        1.02 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 10 Share of Selected
        Countries and Areas in World Trade* | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | (Percentage share in current values) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Science based industries | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1983 | 
        1986 | 
        1989 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1995° | 
        89-95  | 
        80-89  | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | CEE | 
        0.29 | 
        0.22 | 
        0.22 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.25 | 
        0.26 | 
        0.39 | 
        0.22 | 
        -0.12 | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
        0.07 | 
        0.05 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.09 | 
        0.10 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.12 | 
        -0.01 | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
        0.09 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.05 | 
        0.07 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.03 | 
        -0.04 | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0.13 | 
        0.10 | 
        0.08 | 
        0.06 | 
        0.09 | 
        0.10 | 
        0.14 | 
        0.08 | 
        -0.06 | 
       
      
        | Czech Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.09 | 
        0.11 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovak Rep. | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.01 | 
        0.03 | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other Eastern Europe** | 
        0.06 | 
        0.07 | 
        0.05 | 
        0.04 | 
        0.02 | 
        0.03 | 
        0.03 | 
        -0.01 | 
        -0.03 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU | 
        0.45 | 
        0.22 | 
        0.17 | 
        0.10 | 
        0.12 | 
        0.18 | 
        0.14 | 
        0.04 | 
        -0.35 | 
       
      
        | Russia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.17 | 
        0.13 | 
        0.13 | 
        0.00 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | NICs in Asia | 
        4.83 | 
        6.64 | 
        7.86 | 
        10.83 | 
        11.17 | 
        14.77 | 
        17.82 | 
        6.99 | 
        6.00 | 
       
      
        | Singapore | 
        1.35 | 
        1.92 | 
        2.00 | 
        3.01 | 
        3.30 | 
        4.35 | 
        5.83 | 
        2.82 | 
        1.66 | 
       
      
        | Korea | 
        0.82 | 
        1.13 | 
        1.59 | 
        2.28 | 
        2.24 | 
        2.44 | 
        3.34 | 
        1.06 | 
        1.46 | 
       
      
        | Taiwan | 
        1.15 | 
        1.72 | 
        2.33 | 
        3.07 | 
        3.30 | 
        4.02 | 
        4.27 | 
        1.05 | 
        1.92 | 
       
      
        | Hong Kong | 
        1.84 | 
        2.21 | 
        2.33 | 
        3.20 | 
        3.28 | 
        4.07 | 
        4.39 | 
        1.19 | 
        1.37 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Ratio of national exports to world exports
        (percentage) | 
        °Provisional data | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | ** Bulgaria, Romania and Albania | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FSU is the former Soviet Union | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | SOURCE: OECD and UN trade data from SIE - World
        Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 11 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | PATTERNS OF TRADE SPECIALIZATION AND COMPOSITION | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        FSU | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization* | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995** | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        6.7 | 
        7.9 | 
        9.0 | 
        11.3 | 
         | 
        21.0 | 
        17.8 | 
        15.1 | 
        3.6 | 
         | 
        -14.3 | 
        -9.8 | 
        -6.0 | 
        7.5 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        44.5 | 
        34.5 | 
        30.8 | 
        16.8 | 
         | 
        0.1 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
        44.4 | 
        34.2 | 
        30.7 | 
        16.3 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        1.0 | 
        1.0 | 
        1.1 | 
        1.0 | 
         | 
        0.8 | 
        1.0 | 
        0.9 | 
        0.5 | 
         | 
        0.2 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.4 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        0.7 | 
        1.0 | 
        1.3 | 
        1.3 | 
         | 
        10.5 | 
        7.6 | 
        15.4 | 
        20.2 | 
         | 
        -9.8 | 
        -6.6 | 
        -14.1 | 
        -18.4 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        5.7 | 
        7.0 | 
        5.6 | 
        6.5 | 
         | 
        11.3 | 
        9.7 | 
        15.4 | 
        18.9 | 
         | 
        -5.6 | 
        -2.7 | 
        -9.7 | 
        -12.0 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        28.9 | 
        30.0 | 
        22.6 | 
        27.8 | 
         | 
        5.3 | 
        4.1 | 
        2.2 | 
        2.5 | 
         | 
        23.6 | 
        25.7 | 
        20.3 | 
        24.6 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        7.0 | 
        11.4 | 
        19.1 | 
        27.2 | 
         | 
        25.4 | 
        28.4 | 
        20.4 | 
        22.0 | 
         | 
        -18.4 | 
        -16.8 | 
        -1.3 | 
        5.1 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        1.1 | 
        1.4 | 
        1.8 | 
        1.1 | 
         | 
        15.6 | 
        19.4 | 
        16.9 | 
        14.9 | 
         | 
        -14.5 | 
        -17.8 | 
        -15.0 | 
        -13.5 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        3.3 | 
        1.8 | 
        4.2 | 
        2.7 | 
         | 
        7.5 | 
        8.7 | 
        10.4 | 
        14.1 | 
         | 
        -4.2 | 
        -6.8 | 
        -6.2 | 
        -11.1 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        1.1 | 
        4.1 | 
        4.5 | 
        4.4 | 
         | 
        2.6 | 
        3.4 | 
        3.3 | 
        3.3 | 
         | 
        -1.5 | 
        0.7 | 
        1.2 | 
        1.1 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        OTHER EASTERN EUROPE | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        5.8 | 
        4.0 | 
        7.2 | 
        5.0 | 
         | 
        14.6 | 
        9.1 | 
        7.8 | 
        2.4 | 
         | 
        -8.7 | 
        -5.0 | 
        -0.6 | 
        2.6 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        0.9 | 
        0.1 | 
        1.4 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
        2.3 | 
        3.8 | 
        4.1 | 
        3.0 | 
         | 
        -1.3 | 
        -3.6 | 
        -2.6 | 
        -3.0 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        1.1 | 
        1.1 | 
        1.0 | 
        1.1 | 
         | 
        4.6 | 
        5.0 | 
        1.8 | 
        1.3 | 
         | 
        -3.5 | 
        -3.8 | 
        -0.9 | 
        -0.2 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        5.9 | 
        5.0 | 
        5.8 | 
        4.2 | 
         | 
        6.6 | 
        7.4 | 
        13.8 | 
        8.1 | 
         | 
        -0.7 | 
        -2.3 | 
        -7.9 | 
        -4.0 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        21.8 | 
        27.3 | 
        39.1 | 
        39.7 | 
         | 
        8.9 | 
        15.5 | 
        18.8 | 
        29.3 | 
         | 
        12.8 | 
        11.5 | 
        20.2 | 
        10.4 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        36.5 | 
        27.6 | 
        7.9 | 
        11.7 | 
         | 
        9.7 | 
        6.9 | 
        4.1 | 
        4.2 | 
         | 
        26.7 | 
        20.2 | 
        3.8 | 
        7.5 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        20.1 | 
        27.2 | 
        26.9 | 
        28.1 | 
         | 
        26.6 | 
        21.5 | 
        19.5 | 
        22.8 | 
         | 
        -6.5 | 
        5.6 | 
        7.4 | 
        5.3 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        4.4 | 
        3.5 | 
        4.9 | 
        6.1 | 
         | 
        15.8 | 
        18.3 | 
        13.8 | 
        15.7 | 
         | 
        -11.4 | 
        -14.5 | 
        -8.9 | 
        -9.6 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        2.2 | 
        3.2 | 
        4.2 | 
        3.4 | 
         | 
        9.1 | 
        10.0 | 
        13.6 | 
        11.0 | 
         | 
        -6.8 | 
        -6.7 | 
        -9.3 | 
        -7.5 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        1.3 | 
        1.1 | 
        1.5 | 
        0.7 | 
         | 
        1.7 | 
        2.4 | 
        2.7 | 
        2.1 | 
         | 
        -0.4 | 
        -1.3 | 
        -1.2 | 
        -1.4 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        CEE | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        7.7 | 
        9.0 | 
        5.8 | 
        3.9 | 
         | 
        17.4 | 
        8.2 | 
        3.6 | 
        2.9 | 
         | 
        -9.7 | 
        0.8 | 
        2.2 | 
        0.9 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        10.0 | 
        5.3 | 
        3.8 | 
        1.5 | 
         | 
        0.0 | 
        0.1 | 
        1.9 | 
        0.9 | 
         | 
        9.9 | 
        5.2 | 
        1.8 | 
        0.6 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        2.4 | 
        2.2 | 
        1.4 | 
        0.7 | 
         | 
        2.8 | 
        1.7 | 
        0.8 | 
        0.4 | 
         | 
        -0.4 | 
        0.5 | 
        0.6 | 
        0.3 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        9.6 | 
        12.4 | 
        8.1 | 
        4.9 | 
         | 
        6.9 | 
        7.5 | 
        6.0 | 
        4.7 | 
         | 
        2.7 | 
        5.0 | 
        2.1 | 
        0.1 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        21.7 | 
        23.0 | 
        31.3 | 
        31.6 | 
         | 
        12.1 | 
        14.9 | 
        20.7 | 
        23.1 | 
         | 
        9.6 | 
        8.0 | 
        10.5 | 
        8.5 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        12.8 | 
        11.2 | 
        9.1 | 
        8.6 | 
         | 
        7.0 | 
        5.6 | 
        4.9 | 
        4.5 | 
         | 
        5.8 | 
        5.6 | 
        4.2 | 
        4.0 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        22.3 | 
        22.9 | 
        24.8 | 
        27.6 | 
         | 
        25.1 | 
        24.8 | 
        25.9 | 
        28.7 | 
         | 
        -2.8 | 
        -1.9 | 
        -1.1 | 
        -1.0 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        7.8 | 
        7.3 | 
        7.9 | 
        10.5 | 
         | 
        17.8 | 
        21.8 | 
        18.1 | 
        16.5 | 
         | 
        -9.9 | 
        -14.5 | 
        -10.1 | 
        -5.9 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        4.4 | 
        5.1 | 
        6.1 | 
        8.9 | 
         | 
        8.2 | 
        13.1 | 
        15.6 | 
        16.4 | 
         | 
        -3.8 | 
        -8.0 | 
        -9.5 | 
        -6.5 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        1.4 | 
        1.5 | 
        1.6 | 
        1.7 | 
         | 
        2.7 | 
        2.3 | 
        2.6 | 
        1.8 | 
         | 
        -1.3 | 
        -0.8 | 
        -0.9 | 
        -1.1 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Indicator of comparative advantage (>0) or
        disadvantage (<0). For the formula see text. ** Provisional data. | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Source: SIE-World Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 12 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | PATTERNS OF TRADE SPECIALIZATION AND COMPOSITION | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        HUNGARY | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization* | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995** | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        10.0 | 
        11.3 | 
        7.2 | 
        6.3 | 
         | 
        6.8 | 
        3.3 | 
        2.4 | 
        1.7 | 
         | 
        3.2 | 
        8.0 | 
        4.7 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        0.8 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
        0.0 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
        0.8 | 
        0.2 | 
        -0.1 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        1.6 | 
        1.0 | 
        0.3 | 
        0.2 | 
         | 
        0.8 | 
        0.7 | 
        0.3 | 
        0.2 | 
         | 
        0.8 | 
        0.3 | 
        0.1 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        16.8 | 
        18.3 | 
        13.3 | 
        10.0 | 
         | 
        4.4 | 
        4.1 | 
        4.8 | 
        3.7 | 
         | 
        12.4 | 
        14.2 | 
        8.5 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        24.5 | 
        22.3 | 
        30.3 | 
        27.1 | 
         | 
        19.7 | 
        19.1 | 
        24.5 | 
        25.6 | 
         | 
        4.8 | 
        3.1 | 
        5.9 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        9.4 | 
        10.9 | 
        7.7 | 
        6.0 | 
         | 
        9.4 | 
        6.0 | 
        4.4 | 
        4.3 | 
         | 
        0.0 | 
        4.9 | 
        3.3 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        23.5 | 
        21.5 | 
        20.7 | 
        23.3 | 
         | 
        26.9 | 
        29.9 | 
        28.9 | 
        28.9 | 
         | 
        -3.4 | 
        -8.4 | 
        -8.3 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        6.9 | 
        7.2 | 
        10.0 | 
        12.0 | 
         | 
        18.3 | 
        21.1 | 
        16.5 | 
        15.6 | 
         | 
        -11.4 | 
        -13.9 | 
        -6.5 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        4.5 | 
        6.0 | 
        9.1 | 
        12.8 | 
         | 
        11.3 | 
        14.0 | 
        16.3 | 
        18.4 | 
         | 
        -6.8 | 
        -8.0 | 
        -7.2 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        2.0 | 
        1.4 | 
        1.3 | 
        1.9 | 
         | 
        2.4 | 
        1.7 | 
        1.7 | 
        1.5 | 
         | 
        -0.4 | 
        -0.3 | 
        -0.4 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        POLAND | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        7.4 | 
        11.5 | 
        6.8 | 
        4.0 | 
         | 
        23.3 | 
        10.7 | 
        4.3 | 
        3.6 | 
         | 
        -15.7 | 
        0.7 | 
        2.5 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        18.1 | 
        11.2 | 
        7.2 | 
        3.0 | 
         | 
        0.0 | 
        0.2 | 
        4.3 | 
        2.0 | 
         | 
        17.9 | 
        11.0 | 
        2.9 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        3.5 | 
        3.4 | 
        2.1 | 
        1.1 | 
         | 
        3.5 | 
        1.7 | 
        1.2 | 
        0.6 | 
         | 
        0.0 | 
        1.7 | 
        0.9 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        9.8 | 
        11.8 | 
        8.5 | 
        5.6 | 
         | 
        9.1 | 
        10.3 | 
        7.5 | 
        5.4 | 
         | 
        0.7 | 
        1.4 | 
        0.9 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        16.7 | 
        20.0 | 
        30.4 | 
        35.5 | 
         | 
        9.4 | 
        14.7 | 
        22.5 | 
        24.5 | 
         | 
        7.3 | 
        5.3 | 
        7.8 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        14.7 | 
        10.9 | 
        11.4 | 
        11.8 | 
         | 
        4.7 | 
        4.4 | 
        5.5 | 
        4.7 | 
         | 
        9.9 | 
        6.5 | 
        5.9 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        19.3 | 
        20.1 | 
        22.7 | 
        26.4 | 
         | 
        26.0 | 
        23.8 | 
        24.6 | 
        28.8 | 
         | 
        -6.6 | 
        -3.6 | 
        -1.9 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        6.3 | 
        6.1 | 
        5.2 | 
        7.3 | 
         | 
        15.1 | 
        19.0 | 
        14.2 | 
        13.8 | 
         | 
        -8.7 | 
        -12.8 | 
        -9.0 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        3.0 | 
        3.6 | 
        4.0 | 
        4.7 | 
         | 
        6.3 | 
        12.2 | 
        12.7 | 
        14.4 | 
         | 
        -3.2 | 
        -8.6 | 
        -8.6 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        1.1 | 
        1.4 | 
        1.8 | 
        0.6 | 
         | 
        2.6 | 
        3.0 | 
        3.1 | 
        2.2 | 
         | 
        -1.5 | 
        -1.5 | 
        -1.3 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        CZECHOSLOVAKIA | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
         | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
         | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        6.4 | 
        3.2 | 
        3.5 | 
         | 
         | 
        15.8 | 
        9.7 | 
        3.5 | 
         | 
         | 
        -9.4 | 
        -6.5 | 
        0.1 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        4.8 | 
        2.3 | 
        2.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        0.1 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
         | 
        4.7 | 
        2.3 | 
        2.3 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        1.4 | 
        1.7 | 
        1.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        3.3 | 
        2.7 | 
        0.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        -1.9 | 
        -1.0 | 
        0.7 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        3.7 | 
        7.2 | 
        3.8 | 
         | 
         | 
        5.0 | 
        6.7 | 
        4.8 | 
         | 
         | 
        -1.3 | 
        0.5 | 
        -1.0 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        27.0 | 
        28.0 | 
        33.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        10.2 | 
        10.5 | 
        15.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        16.8 | 
        17.5 | 
        17.6 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        12.4 | 
        11.9 | 
        7.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        9.2 | 
        7.2 | 
        4.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        3.2 | 
        4.7 | 
        2.9 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        25.9 | 
        28.3 | 
        30.7 | 
         | 
         | 
        21.4 | 
        20.4 | 
        25.4 | 
         | 
         | 
        4.5 | 
        7.9 | 
        5.2 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        10.9 | 
        9.2 | 
        9.7 | 
         | 
         | 
        22.9 | 
        27.2 | 
        24.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        -12.0 | 
        -17.9 | 
        -14.5 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        6.2 | 
        6.5 | 
        6.4 | 
         | 
         | 
        9.1 | 
        13.7 | 
        18.9 | 
         | 
         | 
        -2.9 | 
        -7.2 | 
        -12.5 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        1.3 | 
        1.7 | 
        1.7 | 
         | 
         | 
        3.0 | 
        1.9 | 
        2.5 | 
         | 
         | 
        -1.7 | 
        -0.2 | 
        -0.8 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Indicator of comparative advantage (>0) or
        disadvantage (<0). For the formula see text. ** Provisional data. | 
         | 
       
      
        | Source: SIE-World Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
       
    
      
        | TABLE 13 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | PATTERNS OF TRADE SPECIALIZATION AND COMPOSITION | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        CZECH REPUBLIC | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization* | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1993 | 
        1994 | 
        1995** | 
         | 
        1993 | 
        1994 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
         | 
        1993 | 
        1994 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        3.8 | 
        3.6 | 
        2.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        3.5 | 
        2.9 | 
        2.8 | 
         | 
         | 
        0.3 | 
        0.7 | 
        -0.2 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        2.3 | 
        3.1 | 
        1.1 | 
         | 
         | 
        0.0 | 
        0.3 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
         | 
        2.2 | 
        2.7 | 
        1.0 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        0.9 | 
        0.7 | 
        0.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        0.2 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.2 | 
         | 
         | 
        0.6 | 
        0.5 | 
        0.4 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        3.6 | 
        2.9 | 
        2.4 | 
         | 
         | 
        4.5 | 
        4.7 | 
        4.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        -0.9 | 
        -1.8 | 
        -2.1 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        32.5 | 
        31.7 | 
        32.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        19.1 | 
        19.9 | 
        19.9 | 
         | 
         | 
        13.3 | 
        11.8 | 
        12.2 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        6.0 | 
        6.2 | 
        6.2 | 
         | 
         | 
        5.0 | 
        5.4 | 
        4.7 | 
         | 
         | 
        1.0 | 
        0.8 | 
        1.5 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        30.9 | 
        28.6 | 
        29.0 | 
         | 
         | 
        24.7 | 
        26.5 | 
        27.9 | 
         | 
         | 
        6.1 | 
        2.1 | 
        1.1 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        11.0 | 
        11.6 | 
        14.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        24.0 | 
        20.8 | 
        20.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        -12.9 | 
        -9.1 | 
        -6.0 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        7.7 | 
        8.8 | 
        10.1 | 
         | 
         | 
        17.4 | 
        16.9 | 
        17.5 | 
         | 
         | 
        -9.6 | 
        -8.0 | 
        -7.3 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        1.3 | 
        2.8 | 
        1.0 | 
         | 
         | 
        1.5 | 
        2.4 | 
        1.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        -0.2 | 
        0.4 | 
        -0.6 | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        SLOVAKIA | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1993 | 
        1994 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
         | 
        1993 | 
        1994 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
         | 
        1993 | 
        1994 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        3.9 | 
        4.0 | 
        1.4 | 
         | 
         | 
        4.8 | 
        5.2 | 
        2.9 | 
         | 
         | 
        -0.9 | 
        -1.1 | 
        -1.5 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        0.1 | 
        2.9 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
         | 
        0.0 | 
        0.3 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
         | 
        0.1 | 
        2.7 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        1.5 | 
        0.8 | 
        0.8 | 
         | 
         | 
        0.4 | 
        0.6 | 
        0.8 | 
         | 
         | 
        1.1 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        2.0 | 
        1.3 | 
        1.1 | 
         | 
         | 
        4.5 | 
        4.4 | 
        4.0 | 
         | 
         | 
        -2.6 | 
        -3.1 | 
        -2.9 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        39.7 | 
        32.8 | 
        32.1 | 
         | 
         | 
        5.0 | 
        4.9 | 
        4.1 | 
         | 
         | 
        19.3 | 
        13.1 | 
        12.6 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        9.7 | 
        9.6 | 
        8.5 | 
         | 
         | 
        20.4 | 
        19.6 | 
        19.5 | 
         | 
         | 
        4.7 | 
        4.8 | 
        4.4 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        30.5 | 
        33.4 | 
        40.0 | 
         | 
         | 
        20.8 | 
        24.5 | 
        30.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        9.6 | 
        8.9 | 
        9.7 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        6.5 | 
        6.3 | 
        8.6 | 
         | 
         | 
        26.1 | 
        18.7 | 
        18.8 | 
         | 
         | 
        -19.6 | 
        -12.4 | 
        -10.2 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        5.0 | 
        6.5 | 
        7.4 | 
         | 
         | 
        16.1 | 
        18.8 | 
        18.3 | 
         | 
         | 
        -11.1 | 
        -12.3 | 
        -10.9 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        1.3 | 
        2.4 | 
        0.2 | 
         | 
         | 
        1.8 | 
        3.1 | 
        1.4 | 
         | 
         | 
        -0.6 | 
        -0.7 | 
        -1.2 | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Indicator of comparative advantage (>0) or
        disadvantage (<0). For the formula see text. ** Provisional data. | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Source: SIE-World Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
       
    
      
        | TABLE 14 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE BETWEEN THE EU AND THE CEE COUNTRIES* | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
        1988 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1994 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        0,38** | 
        0.46 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Czech Republic | 
         | 
         | 
        0.57 | 
        0.59 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovakia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.40 | 
        0.43 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
         | 
        0.39 | 
        0.49 | 
        0.50 | 
        0.50 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
         | 
        0.33 | 
        0.34 | 
        0.38 | 
        0.39 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | *Manufacturing trade only | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | **Grubel - Lloyd indices | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Source: ECE (1995) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 15 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Weighted average unit-value rations in CEE trade
        with the EU | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
        Total Trade  | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
        1988 | 
        1991 | 
        1993 | 
        1994 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Czechoslovakia | 
        1.74 | 
        0.77 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Czech Republic | 
         | 
         | 
        0.91 | 
        0.64 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovakia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        0.71 | 
        0.76 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
         | 
        0.71 | 
        0.96 | 
        1.01 | 
        1.13 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
         | 
        0.88 | 
        0.78 | 
        0.76 | 
        0.74 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Source: ECE (1995) | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 16 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | FDI in the CEE Countries | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
        Flows of net FDI (mn USD) | 
         | 
        Cumulative inflows | 
        FDI | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        FDI (mn USD) | 
         | 
        flow/GDP% | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
        1990  | 
        1991  | 
        1992  | 
        1993  | 
        1994  | 
        1995  | 
         | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1995 | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Czech Republic | 
        120  | 
        511  | 
        947  | 
        517*  | 
        842*  | 
        2,500  | 
         | 
        5,881 | 
         | 
        6.9 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Hungary | 
         | 
        311  | 
        1,459  | 
        1,471  | 
        2,328  | 
        1,097  | 
        4,410  | 
         | 
        11,394 | 
         | 
        10.7 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Poland | 
         | 
        10  | 
        117  | 
        284  | 
        580  | 
        542  | 
        1,134  | 
         | 
        2,751 | 
         | 
        1.2 | 
         | 
       
      
        | Slovakia | 
         | 
        18  | 
        82  | 
        100  | 
        134*  | 
        170*  | 
        180*  | 
         | 
        704 | 
         | 
        1.4 | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Excluding flows between the Czech Republic and
        Slovakia | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Source: Inotai (1996), data from ECE various
        issues | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 17 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | PATTERNS OF TRADE SPECIALIZATION AND COMPOSITION | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        EAST ASIAN NICs | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization* | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995** | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        6.0 | 
        3.0 | 
        2.1 | 
        1.5 | 
         | 
        10.5 | 
        6.4 | 
        4.6 | 
        3.7 | 
         | 
        -4.5 | 
        -3.4 | 
        -2.4 | 
        -2.2 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        0.1 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
        15.0 | 
        5.6 | 
        6.0 | 
        4.4 | 
         | 
        -14.8 | 
        -5.6 | 
        -5.9 | 
        -4.3 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        0.5 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
        1.1 | 
        1.0 | 
        0.7 | 
        0.6 | 
         | 
        -0.6 | 
        -0.9 | 
        -0.6 | 
        -0.5 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        4.0 | 
        2.7 | 
        2.9 | 
        2.2 | 
         | 
        5.1 | 
        3.8 | 
        3.7 | 
        3.2 | 
         | 
        -1.1 | 
        -1.1 | 
        -0.8 | 
        -1.0 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        38.7 | 
        36.3 | 
        32.8 | 
        25.1 | 
         | 
        13.9 | 
        17.9 | 
        18.8 | 
        16.9 | 
         | 
        24.7 | 
        18.4 | 
        14.0 | 
        8.2 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        9.5 | 
        5.3 | 
        5.0 | 
        4.7 | 
         | 
        7.4 | 
        7.4 | 
        7.0 | 
        7.1 | 
         | 
        2.1 | 
        -2.1 | 
        -1.9 | 
        -2.5 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        19.2 | 
        20.4 | 
        20.7 | 
        20.0 | 
         | 
        19.0 | 
        20.6 | 
        19.9 | 
        19.5 | 
         | 
        0.2 | 
        -0.2 | 
        0.8 | 
        0.5 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        4.2 | 
        6.1 | 
        6.5 | 
        8.6 | 
         | 
        10.0 | 
        11.8 | 
        11.4 | 
        10.9 | 
         | 
        -5.7 | 
        -5.6 | 
        -4.8 | 
        -2.3 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        13.8 | 
        24.0 | 
        27.6 | 
        35.4 | 
         | 
        16.5 | 
        23.8 | 
        25.1 | 
        31.0 | 
         | 
        -2.8 | 
        0.1 | 
        2.4 | 
        4.5 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        4.0 | 
        2.1 | 
        2.1 | 
        2.3 | 
         | 
        1.5 | 
        1.8 | 
        2.8 | 
        2.7 | 
         | 
        2.5 | 
        0.3 | 
        -0.7 | 
        -0.4 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        HONG KONG | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        3.2 | 
        2.6 | 
        1.6 | 
        1.2 | 
         | 
        9.5 | 
        5.0 | 
        3.4 | 
        2.7 | 
         | 
        -6.3 | 
        -2.4 | 
        -1.8 | 
        -1.5 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
        0.2 | 
        0.5 | 
        0.4 | 
        0.2 | 
         | 
        -0.2 | 
        -0.5 | 
        -0.3 | 
        -0.2 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        0.7 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
        0.2 | 
        0.3 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
        0.5 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        1.6 | 
        2.6 | 
        2.9 | 
        2.5 | 
         | 
        6.9 | 
        5.0 | 
        4.3 | 
        3.7 | 
         | 
        -5.3 | 
        -2.4 | 
        -1.5 | 
        -1.2 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        52.1 | 
        47.3 | 
        45.2 | 
        39.7 | 
         | 
        29.9 | 
        35.7 | 
        33.5 | 
        30.4 | 
         | 
        22.1 | 
        11.5 | 
        11.7 | 
        9.2 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        1.7 | 
        2.3 | 
        2.6 | 
        3.4 | 
         | 
        8.8 | 
        5.2 | 
        4.7 | 
        4.9 | 
         | 
        -7.1 | 
        -2.9 | 
        -2.0 | 
        -1.5 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        15.0 | 
        14.3 | 
        16.4 | 
        17.8 | 
         | 
        17.3 | 
        17.0 | 
        19.1 | 
        19.8 | 
         | 
        -2.3 | 
        -2.8 | 
        -2.7 | 
        -2.0 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        3.2 | 
        5.6 | 
        6.4 | 
        6.1 | 
         | 
        6.7 | 
        7.2 | 
        7.5 | 
        6.9 | 
         | 
        -3.4 | 
        -1.6 | 
        -1.1 | 
        -0.8 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        18.6 | 
        22.3 | 
        21.8 | 
        26.9 | 
         | 
        18.7 | 
        22.1 | 
        22.1 | 
        28.0 | 
         | 
        0.0 | 
        0.2 | 
        -0.3 | 
        -1.1 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        3.9 | 
        2.9 | 
        3.0 | 
        2.4 | 
         | 
        2.0 | 
        2.0 | 
        4.9 | 
        3.3 | 
         | 
        1.9 | 
        0.9 | 
        -1.8 | 
        -1.0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Indicator of comparative advantage (>0) or
        disadvantage (<0). For the formula see text. ** Provisional data. | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Source: SIE-World Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
    
      
        | TABLE 18 | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | PATTERNS OF TRADE SPECIALIZATION AND COMPOSITION | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        SINGAPORE | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization* | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995** | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        11.3 | 
        4.4 | 
        2.8 | 
        1.9 | 
         | 
        7.8 | 
        4.2 | 
        3.0 | 
        2.1 | 
         | 
        3.4 | 
        0.2 | 
        -0.3 | 
        -0.2 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        0.4 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
        23.7 | 
        9.4 | 
        8.8 | 
        5.2 | 
         | 
        -23.0 | 
        -9.2 | 
        -8.6 | 
        -5.1 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        0.6 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
        0.5 | 
        0.3 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.2 | 
         | 
        0.2 | 
        -0.1 | 
        -0.1 | 
        -0.1 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        5.7 | 
        4.1 | 
        4.1 | 
        2.8 | 
         | 
        5.6 | 
        4.2 | 
        4.1 | 
        3.1 | 
         | 
        0.1 | 
        -0.1 | 
        0.0 | 
        -0.2 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        10.0 | 
        10.3 | 
        9.2 | 
        6.6 | 
         | 
        10.5 | 
        11.1 | 
        10.8 | 
        9.1 | 
         | 
        -0.5 | 
        -0.8 | 
        -1.5 | 
        -2.5 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        30.7 | 
        18.6 | 
        15.0 | 
        9.3 | 
         | 
        7.6 | 
        9.4 | 
        8.9 | 
        7.0 | 
         | 
        22.8 | 
        9.2 | 
        6.1 | 
        2.3 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        14.0 | 
        18.1 | 
        18.8 | 
        16.1 | 
         | 
        16.5 | 
        19.2 | 
        19.3 | 
        18.0 | 
         | 
        -2.5 | 
        -1.1 | 
        -0.5 | 
        -1.9 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        5.9 | 
        8.0 | 
        7.6 | 
        8.1 | 
         | 
        10.3 | 
        11.0 | 
        11.4 | 
        11.3 | 
         | 
        -4.3 | 
        -3.0 | 
        -3.8 | 
        -3.3 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        14.0 | 
        34.4 | 
        40.6 | 
        52.5 | 
         | 
        16.0 | 
        29.2 | 
        32.0 | 
        42.6 | 
         | 
        -2.0 | 
        5.2 | 
        8.5 | 
        9.9 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        7.5 | 
        1.7 | 
        1.6 | 
        2.6 | 
         | 
        1.6 | 
        2.0 | 
        1.4 | 
        1.4 | 
         | 
        5.8 | 
        -0.3 | 
        0.2 | 
        1.1 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        TAIWAN | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        3.7 | 
        2.4 | 
        2.6 | 
        1.7 | 
         | 
        10.3 | 
        6.3 | 
        5.1 | 
        4.9 | 
         | 
        -6.5 | 
        -3.8 | 
        -2.5 | 
        -3.1 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
        0.4 | 
        1.4 | 
        1.1 | 
        2.1 | 
         | 
        -0.4 | 
        -1.4 | 
        -1.1 | 
        -2.0 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
        1.0 | 
        0.7 | 
        0.6 | 
        0.5 | 
         | 
        -0.9 | 
        -0.6 | 
        -0.5 | 
        -0.4 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        6.6 | 
        3.3 | 
        3.9 | 
        2.4 | 
         | 
        1.9 | 
        3.0 | 
        3.0 | 
        3.1 | 
         | 
        4.6 | 
        0.3 | 
        0.9 | 
        -0.8 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        49.6 | 
        40.9 | 
        35.8 | 
        26.7 | 
         | 
        6.4 | 
        7.1 | 
        8.1 | 
        9.7 | 
         | 
        42.6 | 
        32.7 | 
        27.5 | 
        16.7 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        0.7 | 
        1.1 | 
        0.8 | 
        3.1 | 
         | 
        7.1 | 
        8.1 | 
        7.5 | 
        8.2 | 
         | 
        -6.3 | 
        -6.8 | 
        -6.6 | 
        -4.9 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        18.9 | 
        18.5 | 
        15.0 | 
        14.5 | 
         | 
        29.9 | 
        30.1 | 
        28.6 | 
        22.6 | 
         | 
        -11.0 | 
        -11.3 | 
        -13.6 | 
        -8.0 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        5.4 | 
        7.8 | 
        7.7 | 
        11.3 | 
         | 
        18.1 | 
        16.2 | 
        16.4 | 
        12.6 | 
         | 
        -12.6 | 
        -8.1 | 
        -8.7 | 
        -1.3 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        12.0 | 
        23.6 | 
        32.0 | 
        38.5 | 
         | 
        22.4 | 
        24.3 | 
        27.1 | 
        33.1 | 
         | 
        -10.3 | 
        -0.6 | 
        4.9 | 
        5.3 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        3.1 | 
        2.4 | 
        2.2 | 
        1.8 | 
         | 
        2.5 | 
        2.8 | 
        2.5 | 
        3.3 | 
         | 
        0.5 | 
        -0.4 | 
        -0.4 | 
        -1.5 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
        KOREA | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        Export Composition | 
         | 
        Import Composition | 
         | 
        Trade Specialization | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
         | 
        1980 | 
        1989 | 
        1992 | 
        1995 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Agricultural prod. | 
        5.0 | 
        2.9 | 
        2.1 | 
        1.4 | 
         | 
        14.4 | 
        9.8 | 
        7.5 | 
        5.9 | 
         | 
        -9.3 | 
        -6.9 | 
        -5.3 | 
        -4.5 | 
       
      
        | Fuels | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
         | 
        27.4 | 
        11.0 | 
        15.0 | 
        11.1 | 
         | 
        -27.0 | 
        -11.0 | 
        -15.0 | 
        -11.1 | 
       
      
        | Other raw materials | 
        0.5 | 
        0.2 | 
        0.1 | 
        0.1 | 
         | 
        2.7 | 
        2.7 | 
        2.2 | 
        1.6 | 
         | 
        -2.2 | 
        -2.5 | 
        -2.0 | 
        -1.5 | 
       
      
        | Food industries | 
        2.9 | 
        1.4 | 
        1.2 | 
        1.1 | 
         | 
        4.5 | 
        2.4 | 
        2.8 | 
        2.8 | 
         | 
        -1.5 | 
        -1.1 | 
        -1.6 | 
        -1.6 | 
       
      
        | Traditional ind. | 
        46.7 | 
        38.3 | 
        30.9 | 
        20.9 | 
         | 
        5.4 | 
        8.6 | 
        9.2 | 
        9.3 | 
         | 
        40.7 | 
        29.6 | 
        21.7 | 
        11.6 | 
       
      
        | Resource intensive ind. | 
        1.7 | 
        2.7 | 
        3.6 | 
        3.5 | 
         | 
        6.1 | 
        8.0 | 
        8.5 | 
        9.8 | 
         | 
        -4.3 | 
        -5.3 | 
        -4.9 | 
        -6.3 | 
       
      
        | Scale intensive ind. | 
        30.0 | 
        30.8 | 
        33.3 | 
        32.0 | 
         | 
        17.9 | 
        20.3 | 
        16.7 | 
        18.5 | 
         | 
        12.0 | 
        10.5 | 
        16.6 | 
        13.4 | 
       
      
        | Specialized suppliers ind. | 
        2.6 | 
        4.0 | 
        5.1 | 
        10.0 | 
         | 
        8.9 | 
        15.1 | 
        14.5 | 
        15.1 | 
         | 
        -6.2 | 
        -11.1 | 
        -9.4 | 
        -5.1 | 
       
      
        | Science based ind. | 
        9.4 | 
        18.7 | 
        22.5 | 
        28.4 | 
         | 
        12.2 | 
        21.3 | 
        22.5 | 
        23.3 | 
         | 
        -2.7 | 
        -2.6 | 
        0.0 | 
        5.1 | 
       
      
        | Others | 
        1.2 | 
        1.1 | 
        1.2 | 
        2.5 | 
         | 
        0.6 | 
        0.7 | 
        1.1 | 
        2.5 | 
         | 
        0.5 | 
        0.4 | 
        0.0 | 
        0.0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Total Trade | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
        100 | 
         | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
        0 | 
       
      
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | * Indicator of comparative advantage (>0) or
        disadvantage (<0). For the formula see text. ** Provisional data. | 
         | 
         | 
       
      
        | Source: SIE-World Trade Data Base | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
         | 
       
     
     |