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Part 01: The
State of Asian Cities: Overview and Key Findings
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Urbanizing Asia
1.3 The
Economic Role of Asian Cities
1.4 Poverty
and Inequality in Asian Cities
1.5 The Urban
Environment and Climate Change
1.6 Urban
Governance, Management and Finance in Asia
1.7 The
Structure of the Report
Figures
1.1: The Asia-Pacific Region. 5
Part 02:
Urbanizing Asia
2.1
Urbanization trends
2.2 The
factors behind urban growth
2.3 Urban
corridors, mega-cities and mega urban regions
2.4 Small and
medium-sized cities
2.5 Density
and the pace of urbanization
2.6
Urbanization in Asia: Diagnosis & policies
Boxes
2.1: The definition of ‘urban’ in Asia
2.2: Japan: One of Asia’s most urbanized countries
2.3: Nepal: One of Asia’s least urbanized countries
2.4: The challenge of reconstruction and development in Kabul
2.5: Asia’s new urban configurations
2.6: Tokyo, the world’s largest mega-city
2.7: Dhaka: Managing growth in a poor mega-city
2.8: Decentralization: Best practice from Tarakan, Indonesia
Tables
2.1: Urban share in total population, 1990-2030
2.2: Urbanization in Japan
2.3: Urbanization in Nepal
2.4: Urbanization in Asia and the Pacific, 1990-2020
2.5: Urbanization in East and North-East Asia, 1990-2020
2.6: Urbanization in South-East Asia, 1990-2020 . 40
2.7: Urbanization in South and South-West Asia, 1990-2020
2.8: Urbanization in the Pacific subregion, 1990-2020
2.9: Urbanization in North and Central Asia, 1990-2020
2.10: Contribution of migration/reclassification to urban
growth in East Asia, 1970-2030 (%)
2.11: Asian cities with populations of 10 million or more
2.12: Mega-urban regions in South-East Asia – Population,
1990-2000
2.13: Population distribution in Asia, 2010
2.14: Urban growth rates in world’s regions, 1990-2030 (%)
2.15: Asia’s fastest growing cities, 1995-2005
Charts
2.1: Global urbanization rates, 1990-203033
2.2: Asia’s Urbanization trends, 1970-2030
2.3: Percentage of urban populations in the Asia-Pacific Region
2.4: Urbanization in East and North-East Asia
2.5: Urbanization in South-East Asia – Trends, 1990-2020
2.6: Urbanization in South and South-West Asia, 1990-2020
2.7: Urbanization in the Pacific subregion, 1990-2020
2.8: Youth aged 15-24: proportion in Asia-Pacific subregions,
1950-2050
2.9: The top 10 Asian mega-cities
2.10: The distribution of settlements in Asia
2.11: Density in Asian cities (residents per sq km)
2.12: Urban growth rates in Asia-Pacific, 1990-2005 (%)
Part 03: The
Economic Role of Asian Cities
3.1 Cities as
engines of economic growth
3.2 The main
drivers of Asia’s urban economies
3.3
Urbanization and the informal economy in Asia
3.4 Asia:
Beyond the ‘factory of the world’
3.5 Asian
cities and local development
3.6 Diagnosis
and future challenges
Boxes
3.1: Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam’s economic powerhouse
3.2: Thailand’s emergence as a hub for auto exports
3.3: Shanghai, an urban revival
3.4: When civil society tackles employment deficits: Good
practice from Ahmedabad
3.5: How cities can support street vendors
3.6: The Bangalore revolution
3.7: Balancing urban and rural development: China’s
Chongqing metropolitan region
Tables
3.1: GDP per head: growth rates in major regions, 1990-2005
3.2: Equity inflows by major world region, 2000-2007 (US $
billion)
3.3: Asia’s busiest ports
3.4: Asia’s top 20 cities for gross domestic product
3.5: Asia’s top-ranking financial centres
Charts
3.1: Share of urban areas in GDP, Asia and the Pacific,
1990-2008. 72
3.2: GDP per world region, 1990-2008 (in 1990 US $ billion)
3.3: GDP per head: changes in growth rates in major regions,
2007-2008 (%)
3.4: FDI growth in the world, 2000-2007 (US $ billion)
3.5: Share of urban areas in GDP, Asia and the Pacific, 2008
3.6: Contribution of exports to GDP, 1990 and 2007 (%)
3.7: Share of informal jobs in non-agricultural/urban
employment, various years (%)
3.8: Net enrolment ratios in primary education
3.9: Education profile of the labour force in select Asian
countries, 1990s-2004
Part 04: Poverty
and inequality in Asian cities
4.1 Poverty
4.2 Poverty
in Asia
4.3
Inequality
4.4 Access to
land and housing
4.5 Access to
basic urban services
4.6 Diagnosis
and future challenges
Boxes
4.1: National poverty lines – urban and rural
4.2: From an exclusive to an inclusive city
4.3: How some Asian countries beat the millennium slum
target
4.4: When policymaking reaches out to informal settlements:
The case of Ulaanbaatar
4.5: Bridging the urban divide – UN-Habitat’s
recommendations
4.6: How to rehabilitate a squat: Nepal’s Kirtipur housing
project
4.7: Beating eviction in a global city: People-managed
resettlement in Mumbai
4.8: Slum upgrading pioneers in Asian cities
4.9: Public housing delivery and ownership: Singapore shows
the way
4.10: Community contracts: Good practice from Sri Lanka
4.11: Good practice from Cambodia: The urban poor
development fund
4.12: Good practice from Thailand: The Baan Mankong
financing programme
4.13: Community-managed water points in urban slums,
Bangladesh
4.14: Improving access to water for the urban poor: A tale
of three cities
4.15: Community management of shared sanitation facilities
4.16: Electricity for the poor: Good practice from Ahmedabad
4.17: Cycle rickshaws: A policy blind spot
4.18: China promotes electric bikes and scooters
Tables
4.1: Urban and rural poverty rates - at/under “US $1 a day”
(1993 ppp)
4.2: Share of population on or under national poverty lines,
rural and urban areas
4.3: Gini coefficients and the human development index (HDI),
2004
4.4: Rural and urban poverty gap ratios and Gini indices –
China, India and Indonesia
4.5: Slum population in Asia and the Pacific subregions,
2010 (Projections)
4.6: Asia’s slum populations: 1990-2007
4.7: Key indicators of urban poverty in India
4.8: Reported forced evictions in major Asian countries,
2001-2005 (Numbers of victims)
4.9: Urban populations: Access to water supply, 1990-2008
4.10: Transportation in Asian cities – Modal Breakdown
Charts
4.1: Poverty in the developing world on US $1.25 a day and
under
4.2: Poverty in Asia
4.3: Population living on less than US $1.25 a day in Asia
and the Pacific
4.4: National poverty lines in Asia-Pacific: richer
countries tend to have higher poverty lines
4.5: Income/Consumption inequality - average urban Gini
coefficients by region (selected countries)
4.6: Changes in Gini coefficient for expenditure/income
distributions, 1990s–2000s (percentage points)
4.7: National Gini coefficients, selected Asian-Pacific
countries, various years (2002-2004
4.8: Intra-urban inequalities (Gini coefficients)
4.9: Distribution of urban population by degree of shelter
deprivation, 2005
4.10: Distribution of moderately deprived slum-dwellers (one
deprivation) by type of deprivation, 2005
4.11: Status of urban water supply by MDG region, 2008
4.12: Trends in access to urban water in Asian subregions
4.13: Trends in national level access to water, 1990-2008
4.14: Status of urban sanitation by MDG subregion, 2008
4.15: Trends in access to urban sanitation by MDG subregion
in Asia
Figures
4.1: Percentage change in slum proportions in selected
countries in Asia between 1990 and 2010 (estimate)
Part 05: The
Urban Environment and Climate Change
5.1
Introduction
5.2 The
defining features of Asia’s urban environmental challenges
5.3
Environmental conditions in Asian cities
5.4 The
challenge of climate change in Asian cities
5.5 Towards
improved environmental planning and management
in Asian cities
5.6 Urban Asia and the environment: Diagnosis and policies
Boxes
5.1: The Shenzhen environment outlook: Balancing environment and development challenges
5.2: Water stream regeneration: Good practice from Seoul
5.3: A viable, integrated waste management system for urban Asia
5.4: A compact, dynamic and liveable city: Fukuoka, Japan.
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5.5: Asia spearheads UN-Habitat’s new climate change initiative
5.6: Climate change adaptation: A ‘fluid’ alternative for Bangkok
5.7: When India’s Supreme Court endorses the case for clean air
5.8: UN-Habitat’s innovative urban network
5.9: Renewable energy use: Good practice from Rizhao, China
5.10: The climate change mitigation initiative in Bangkok
5.11: The ‘Sustainable Cities Programme’, 20-plus years on
5.12: From heavy industry to eco-town: Good practice from Kitakyushu, Japan
Tables
5.1: Urban solid waste – generation rate (selected Asian countries)
5.2: Liveability index for 37 Asian cities (2007)
5.3: Projected changes in energy use for transportation, 2006-2030
5.4: The cities and climate change initiative (CCCI) Asian-Pacific strategy
5.5: Greenhouse gas emissions, selected transport systems
5.6: GHG emissions in Bangkok metropolitan area (2007 - 2012)
Charts
5.1: Micro-particulate matter in selected Asian cities (micrograms per cubic metre)
5.2: Nitrous dioxide in selected Asian cities (micrograms per cubic metre)
5.3: Sulphur dioxide in selected Asian cities (micrograms per cubic metre)
5.4: Average dry- and wet-season particulate concentrations:
PM2.5 (A) and PM10 (B) in six Asian cities
5.5: The cumulative impact of natural disasters by Asian
subregion, 1991-2009
Figures
5.1: Urban environmental problems and positive economic
outcomes
5.2: Land area less than 20m above sea level in Asia
Part 06: Urban
governance, management and finance
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Urban governance and operational structures
6.3 The
principles of urban governance
6.4
Types of urban governance systems
6.5
Mega urban region development
6.6
Decentralization and government functions
6.7
Financing urban development
6.8
Performance in service delivery management
6.9
Cooperation networks
6.10
Diagnosis and future challenges
Boxes
6.1: A decentralised political ‘space’ for sustainable
urbanisation
6.2: Participatory urban governance: Good practice from
Karachi
6.3: City cluster development: The potential in India
6.4: City-region governance: Metropolitan Manila
6.5: A mixed system of regional governance: Kuala Lumpur
6.6: Unified metropolitan government and governance:
Shenzhen, China
6.7: Deconcentration and decentralization in Thailand
6.8: UN-Habitat’s guidelines on decentralisation: An
overview
6.9: Private sector participation in urban development:
Suzhou, China
6.10: Privatization of water services: Greater Jakarta
6.11: Effective water management: Phnom Penh
6.12: When grassroots groups improve basic municipal
services
Tables
6.1: Allocation of responsibilities for urban functions in a
mixed system of regional governance
6.2: Main characteristics of well-performing water utilities
in Asia
Figures
6.1: Basic stakeholders in urban governance
6.2: The clustering of urban nodes in the Bangkok
Metropolitan region
6.3: South China’s Pearl River delta region
Statistical Annex
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